Static and Metadynamic Recrystallization of Low Carbon Steels During Mechanical Deformation

<正>Static and metadynamic recrystallization models were developed with the coefficients determined by multiple nonlinear regression analyses to describe microstructure evolution in low carbon steels. The effects of initial grain size, deformation temperature, strain, and strain rate on the austenitic recrystal-lized volume fraction and grain size were studied using a Gleeble machine. The results show that deformation reduces the grain size when the recrystallized volume fraction is large. The static recrystallized volume fraction increases with increasing deformation temperature, strain, and strain rate, and decreasing initial grain size. The grain size during metadynamic recrystallization is independent of the deformation strain and the initial grain size. The recrystallized volume fraction, the grain size, and the grown grain size calculated by the correlations are consistent with the measured values.

Control-Response Compatibility: Fuzzy Clustering Analysis and a Comparison Among Populations of Different Regions

<正>A group of 96 Mainland Chinese subjects were asked to respond to 12 questions by indicating their expectations about operation, direction-of-motion, and description of movement for items such as doors, keys, taps, and switches. Strong response preferences were found for the whole questionnaire. Fuzzy clustering was used to analyze the structure and characteristics of Mainland Chinese stereotypes. The results for Mainland Chinese subjects were compared with those for Hong Kong Chinese and Americans reported earlier. There are no significant differences for the population stereotypes for daily operational tasks in the three regions. The responses of the Hong Kong Chinese and Mainland Chinese are similar, but with significant variations between different populations, especially for some specific items in the questionnaire.

Reach Envelope of Human Extremities

<正>Significant attention in recent years has been given to obtain a better understanding of human joint ranges, measurement, and functionality, especially in conjunction with commands issued by the central nervous system. While researchers have studied motor commands needed to drive a limb to follow a path trajectory, various computer algorithms have been reported that provide adequate analysis of limb modeling and motion. This paper uses a rigorous mathematical formulation to model human limbs, understand their reach envelope, delineate barriers therein where a trajectory becomes difficult to control, and help visualize these barriers. Workspaces of a typical forearm with 9 degrees of freedom, a typical finger modeled as a 4-degree-of-freedom system, and a lower extremity with 4 degrees of freedom are discussed. The results show that using the proposed formulation, joint limits play an important role in distinguishing the barriers.

Tsinghua and Cornell Seeking Srategic Collaboration--Tsinghua Vice-President Visited Cornell

<正>Soon after the high-rank delegation of Cornell University led by Prof. Lehman, President of Cornell, visited Tsinghua on June 30, Tsinghua Vice-President, Prof. Gong Ke, visited Cornell on Aug. 22, 2004 to promote the establishment of strategic collaboration between Tsinghua and Cornell.In Ithaca, NY, Prof. Lehman and Prof. Gong had agreed to develop strategic collaboration, centered at high quality students training, and further agreed to start this collaboration in selected engineering areas by means of joint graduate program, faculty exchange, students summer program, etc.

Visualization of Coherent Structures in Acoustically Forced, Gas-Particle Turbulent Round Jet

<正>To show the effects of the particles and forced disturbances on the instantaneous large-scale vortex structures in a gas-particle round jet, coherent structures in gas-particle turbulent round jets were investigated experimentally by flow visualization. The 45-μm and 350-μm diameter glass beads were used as the particles in the experiments. An acoustic speaker was used to introduce velocity perturbations at the jet exit. The Strouhal number based on the nozzle diameter, exit velocity, and forcing frequency was varied from 0,1 to 0.9. The Reynolds number was 9400. The coherent structures were visualized in unforced and forced single-phase jet flows and unforced and forced particle-laden jet flows with different diameter glass beads. The experimental results show that the particles have significant effects on the gas phase coherent structures. The coherent structures are controlled by the large 350-μm diameter particles, while the structures are mainly dominated by the forced disturbances in the flows w

Energetic Coefficient of Restitution for a Planar Two-Body Oblique Collision with Friction

<正>Although the coefficient of restitution was originally thought to be only a material property, the coefficient of restitution also depends upon initial conditions as well as on the frictional effect for oblique collisions. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a method for obtaining the coefficient of restitution for oblique collisions and thereby to provide a theoretical guide for collision experiments. In this paper, we derive expressions for the energetic coefficient of restitution (e*) based on general normal contact deformation law, by which the value of e* can be obtained according to the initial conditions. An example shows that the results calculated by the derived expressions are reasonable.

Three-Dimensional Simulation of Unsteady Flow in a Model Francis Hydraulic Turbine

<正>For Francis hydraulic turbines, unsteady flow caused by vortex ropes in the draft tube leads to a problem of stability in operation. The unsteady flow field of a model Francis hydraulic turbine was simulated under part-load operation. A sliding mesh model was used to calculate a time-accurate solution for the strong rotor-stator interactions between the runner and guide vanes, and the draft tube. Based on three-dimensional incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations and on a renormalization group k-?turbulence model, spatial discretization was obtained by using the finite volume method with unstructured grid elements, and a second order fully implicit scheme was applied for time. Pressure fluctuations in the draft tube were recorded and analyzed via a fast Fourier transform calculation. The results were compared with the experimental data, and show that the vortex rope in the draft tube and the induced pressure fluctuations are well simulated.

Selection of Dispersivity in Groundwater Risk Assessment

<正>The Domenico model is used in combination with ASTM E 1739 in a Tier 2 risk assessment of chlorinated organic solvents contaminated groundwater sites to predict potential contaminant concentration in groundwater down-gradient from the point of exposure (POE). A knowledge of the dispersivity parameters is necessary for carrying out this calculation. A constant longitudinal dispersivity of 10 m is often used in analytical and numerical calculation. However, because of the scale effect of dispersion, two other main approaches are currently often used. From the viewpoint of conservative principle in risk assessment, it is necessary to determine which dispersivity data will give a higher predicted concentration, corresponding to a more conservative risk calculation. Generally, it is considered that a smaller dispersivity leads to a higher predicted concentration. This assumption is correct when dispersion is the only natural attenuation factor. However, degradation of commonly encountered chlorinated organic

Free Vibration Analysis of Sectorial Plates Using the Triangular Differential Quadrature Method

<正>The triangular differential quadrature method was used to analyze the free vibrations of moderately thick sectorial plates. A triangular serendipity transformation was introduced to map the sectorial domain onto a unit isosceles right triangle. The first six non-dimensional frequencies of the sectorial plates were obtained for various combinations of clamped and simply supported boundary conditions. For sectorial plates with simply supported radial edges, the present results agree well with the available exact solutions and finite element solutions, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method.

Biodegradation of the Oil Hydrocarbons in Wastewater with Immobilized Microbiological Activated Carbon

<正>On the basis of laboratory-scale-tests, the method of using immobilized biological activated carbon (IBAC) was found to be an efficient method to treat oil wastewater. In this research, pilot-scale studies were conducted to investigate the optimal range of factors, such as oil concentration, and hydraulic retention time (HRT). 39 strains of bacteria were isolated from activated sludge of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. After being acclimated and identified, these bacteria were immobilized on granular activated carbon. The degradation of organic compounds was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectromtry (GC-MS). As the results show that when the oil concentration is lower than 50 mg/L and corresponding values of HRT are longer than 1.0 h, the removal rate of immobilized biological activated carbon column can stably reach at least 70%. In the field studies, electron microscope analyses show that the predominant bacteria have been changed from Pseudomonas and Bacillus at the beginning to Baci

TOTAL CONTENTS Tsinghua Science and Technology, Vol. 9, 2004